JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS
http://journalofpharmaceuticalanalysis.com/index.php/jpa
<p>The Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis is a leading peer-reviewed publication dedicated to advancing the field of pharmaceutical analysis. Through its rigorous review process, the journal publishes original research articles, reviews, and communications that cover a wide range of topics within pharmaceutical sciences and analytical chemistry. Manuscripts accepted for publication include innovative method developments, validation studies, and applications of analytical techniques for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of drugs, excipients, impurities, and degradation products in pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples. With a focus on fostering collaboration and sharing of knowledge among researchers, academics, industry professionals, and regulatory agencies, the journal plays a crucial role in advancing pharmaceutical quality control, drug discovery, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Overall, the Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis serves as an essential platform for disseminating cutting-edge research and advancements in analytical methodologies that contribute to the development, quality assurance, and safety of pharmaceutical products.</p>en-USJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS2095-1779 PREVALENCE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION AMONG ELDERLY PATIENTS AGED FROM 45 TO 85 YEARS AT GISENYI DISTRICT HOSPITAL, RWANDA.
http://journalofpharmaceuticalanalysis.com/index.php/jpa/article/view/146
<p><strong>Background:</strong> Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global health concern, affecting approximately 71 million people worldwide. The global prevalence is estimated at 2.5%, with 2.9% in Africa and 6.8% in Rwanda. This study assessed the prevalence of HCV among individuals aged 45 to 85 at Gisenyi District Hospital and identified associated demographic and clinical factors.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using a simple random sampling technique. Data were extracted from medical records, and statistical analysis was performed using STATA version 15 to determine prevalence rates and associated variables.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: The prevalence of HCV infection among elderly patients was found to be 9.87%. Individuals aged 65-74 were 1.3 times more likely to be infected compared to those aged 45-65. Significant associations with HCV included marital status (cohabiting, divorced), scarification, liver function tests, chronic hepatitis C, cirrhosis, extrahepatic manifestations, seropositive HIV status, and poor recovery. Age emerged as a significant predictor (odds ratio: 0.52), while gender showed no significant association. Scarification presented a marginally significant negative association.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> These findings underscore the need for targeted screening and educational interventions to reduce HCV rates in older adults. Increasing awareness and access to preventive measures and treatment are essential to mitigate the burden of HCV in this population.</p>Joseph NKOTANYI, Janvier SERUMONDO, Amos HABIMANA.
Copyright (c) 2024 JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS
2024-10-252024-10-25142172188COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN NEBULISATION WITH KETAMINE, LIGNOCAINE AND BUDESONIDE IN THE ATTENUATION OF POST-OPERATIVE SORE THROAT IN ELECTIVE SURGICAL CASES UNDER GENERAL ANAESTHESIA
http://journalofpharmaceuticalanalysis.com/index.php/jpa/article/view/141
<p>Background: Postoperative operative sore throat (POST) is one of the most reported complications after endotracheal intubation post General anaesthesia with an incidence of as high as 60% which may impact patient satisfaction and increase the cost of treatment. Pharmacological interventions are aimed at prevention, amelioration of symptoms and treatment of POST. Medications suggested for this purpose include corticosteroids, topical anaesthetic sprays, NSAIDs, NMDA receptor antagonists. Nebulization has several advantages over other drug delivery methods, including being safe, easy to use, requiring less medication to produce the desired effect, and having the added benefit of reaching the lower airways.</p> <p>Purpose: To compare the effectiveness between nebulization with ketamine, lignocaine and budesonide in the attenuation of postoperative sore throat after oral endotracheal intubation. To assess the severity of POST and study the hemodynamic variations and side effects, if any.</p> <p>Methods: This is a double-blinded, randomized control study conducted in a tertiary hospital with a sample size of 150 patients undergoing elective surgeries under general anaesthesia, from various surgical departments. The study was initiated after approval by the institutional Ethics Committee for a period of two years.</p> <p>Results:There was a variation observed in the heart rate of all three groups. At 24 hours the mean heart rate was highest at 77.48±14.55 in the budesonide group followed by 76.10 ±14.31 in the lignocaine group and 70.82±11.04 in the ketamine group and this observation is statistically significant (p=0.05).</p> <p>In the ketamine group at 0 hours interval, all patients (n=50) had grade-0 sore throat, at 2 hours 2 patients progressed to grade-II & 1 patient to grade-I sore throat, at 4 hours 1 patient of grade-I & grade-II each. In the later phase at 24 hours severity of the sore throat subsided again all patients (n=50) returned to grade- 0. In the lignocaine group, most of them (n=12) had severe grade (grade-III) sore throat and it subsided as time progressed. At 0 hour 47 patients had grade-0, 1 patient grade-1 and 2 patients grade-2 sore throat. The severity of sore throat in patients progressed at 2, 4 & 6 hours and then started to subside. At 24 hours all 50 patients belonged to grade-0 level sore throat in the budesonide group.</p> <p>Conclusion: Sore throats were less common and less severe in Group K. With time, the frequency of postoperative problems such as nausea, vomiting, and hallucinations decreased. Budesonide nebulization was less likely to cause post-operative problems than lignocaine and ketamine. Budesonide nebulization experienced the least number of complications out of the three.</p> Subha Teresa Jose Vazhakalayil, Sanya Varma
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2024-07-222024-07-221427789FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH INCOMPLETE CONSTRUCTION OF PIT LATRINES AND THEIR PUBLIC HEALTH RISK IN KARONGI DISTRICT RURAL HOUSEHOLDS, RWANDA.
http://journalofpharmaceuticalanalysis.com/index.php/jpa/article/view/137
<p><strong>Background</strong></p> <p>Globally, 2 billion people lack access to improved latrines, with 60% of these individuals residing in rural areas of Asia and Africa. In Sub-Saharan Africa, 41% of the population continues to use unimproved latrines, and in Rwanda, 25% of the population still relied on unimproved latrines in 2020, with most using pit latrines presenting significant structural deficiencies. Despite being a primary sanitation facility in developing countries, many pit latrines lack essential structural and design qualities. There is limited understanding of the factors influencing poor pit latrine constructions and the associated health risks. This study aims to assess the factors related to incomplete construction of pit latrines and their public health risks in Karongi district rural households in Rwanda, contributing to efforts to improve sanitation facilities in similar settings.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong></p> <p>A cross-sectional study design was carried out on 288 households, were sampled from 30,900 rural households using fisher formula. A cluster sampling technique was used to select participants for the study. Data were collected using pre-tested interview-administered questionnaire and observation technique. Data were analyzed and presented using SPSS version 22. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify variables associated with incomplete construction levels of pit latrine and their public health risk in rural Karongi district, Rwanda</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Results</strong></p> <p>The study revealed that among 288 households, 73.6% had pit latrines at the superstructure level, while 26.4% had them at the sub-superstructure level. Several significant factors were associated with incomplete construction levels of pit latrines. Households expressing concern about latrine security (in terms of collapse) had higher odds of incomplete construction levels (OR: 3.7, 95% CI: 1.56-8.95). Similarly, households expressing neutrality about latrine security also had higher odds of incomplete construction levels (OR: 2.9, 95% CI: 1.07-7.90). Additionally, households perceiving their latrine privacy status as poor were significantly more likely to have incomplete construction levels (OR: 4.9, 95% CI: 1.44-6.99). Furthermore, the practice of digging new pits to manage filled ones was identified as a significant health risk associated with incomplete construction levels (OR: 4.0, 95% CI: 1.77-9.20) in Karongi district rural households.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p> <p>This study emphasizes the critical need to address incomplete construction levels of pit latrines despite population is found risk-aware, and guide mitigation strategies to reduce environmental health risks in Karongi rural households and similar communities. It underscores the importance of increasing community knowledge about the various incomplete construction levels of pit latrines and their associated public health risks. The study recommends that Karongi district authorities leverage sanitation awareness initiatives, particularly by educating the community about risk awareness, integrating related subjects into community norms, economic strengthening and promoting attitudes that encourage individual families to adopt fully constructed pit latrines.</p>Vincent Tuyishime, Dr. Alphonse Habineza, Ephigenie Kayirangwa, Raphael Ndahimana
Copyright (c) 2024 JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS
2024-07-212024-07-211424968THE IMPACT OF USING WHATSAPP IN PRACTICE ENGLISH ADVANCED SPEAKING AMONG OMANI GFP LEARNERS AT SOHAR UNIVERSITY
http://journalofpharmaceuticalanalysis.com/index.php/jpa/article/view/163
<p><strong>Abstract _</strong>Teaching English speaking has become an essential part in the classrooms due to its long-term goal among Omani students. Recently after COVID-19 pandemic, the need to include the distance learning is useful for some reasons in which it enables the language teachers to exploit the time and reduce the issues related to students low performance, fear and lack of motivation. WhatsApp is a common tool that all learners have obtained on their smartphones. This mixed method study investigates the effectiveness of using WhatsApp to enhance learning speaking in the classrooms. The study method was examining pre and port tests using paired T Test and the interviews were conducted to the sample of 25 intermediate students at Sohar University. The results of t test revealed the best improvement was in favor of posttest in the field of speaking English (EFL) learning English as a foreign language due to the use of WhatsApp platform and at the same time it enhances the learners' motivation and reduce the sense of fear towards learning speaking. It also reduces the challenges that students face due to time consuming and pronunciation words.</p>Halima Ali Sulaiman AL-Maktoumi,
Copyright (c) 2024 JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS
2024-09-022024-09-02142147161DISCONTINUITY OF FAMILY PLANNING METHODS AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE (15–49 YEARS) IN NGOMA DISTRICT, RWANDA
http://journalofpharmaceuticalanalysis.com/index.php/jpa/article/view/134
<p><strong>Background:</strong> Discontinuity of family planning methods shortly after initiation poses a significant public health challenge in low and middle-income countries. According to the 2019–2020 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey, 30% of family planning users in Rwanda discontinued their method within 12 months of starting. Ngoma District reported the highest discontinuation rate at 31%. This study aimed to investigate the factors contributing to the discontinuation of family planning methods among women of reproductive age in Ngoma District, Rwanda.</p> <p><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> A cross-sectional study was conducted at seven key health centers in Ngoma District, chosen for their high utilization by women using family planning methods. A total of 323 women participated voluntarily, completing a pre-tested self-administered questionnaire through systematic sampling. Collected data were carefully checked, coded, and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics, such as frequency, mean, standard deviation, and percentage, were computed. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to explore factors influencing discontinuity of family planning methods. Variables with p-values less than 0.05 in the bivariate analysis were included in the multiple logistic regression to control for potential confounding factors, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> The study revealed that a majority of respondents were aged 26-35 years (50.5%), married (89.8%), and had health insurance coverage (98.5%). Most had primary education (82.7%) with a smaller proportion having secondary education (9.0%). Additionally, nearly all were engaged in farming (98.5%) and identified as Christian (96.6%). The prevalence of discontinuity in family planning methods in Ngoma District was 31%, while 69% continued to use contraceptives. Respondents demonstrated a high overall knowledge score of 94.1% on family planning. Factors significantly linked to discontinuity included possession of health insurance, religious affiliation, experience of side effects, partner opposition, and desire for additional children.</p> <p><strong>Discussion:</strong> The findings underscore the importance of addressing factors such as health insurance coverage, religious beliefs, side effects, partner dynamics, and reproductive desires in ensuring sustained use of family planning methods among women in Ngoma District. Strategies to improve counseling for new users, reminder systems for method resupply appointments, and support for dissatisfied users could potentially mitigate discontinuation rates. Engaging religious leaders and sensitizing husbands about the benefits of family planning may also enhance acceptance and support for contraceptive use among women.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The study concludes that possession of health insurance, religious affiliation, partner opposition, and desire for more children significantly influence discontinuity of family planning methods among women of reproductive age in Ngoma District, Rwanda. Counseling strategies addressing side effects and switching options, along with involvement of religious and community leaders, are recommended to improve continuity and sustainability of family planning services.</p> Hategekimana Jean Baptiste & Dr. Kevin Nwanna
Copyright (c) 2024 JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS
2024-07-172024-07-171422135EFFECTIVENESS OF ANNONA MURICATA (SOURSOP) ON VARIOUS TYPES OF CANCER: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
http://journalofpharmaceuticalanalysis.com/index.php/jpa/article/view/147
<p><strong> </strong><em>Annona muricata</em> has long been used as a cancer treatment herb; it is also known by the names graviola, soursop, and guanabana. <em>A. muricata</em>'s mode of action and effectiveness in the treatment of cancer have been well examined. This systematic review set out to compile the body of research on the variables associated with <em>A. muricata</em> extract's anticancer properties. Methods: The studies included were in-vitro, preclinical animal, and human studies written in English. Studies assessing <em>A. muricata</em> extract and its anticancer activity on a variety of deadly cancers were searched in PubMed, Elsevier Science Direct, Wiley Online Library, Ovid Medline, Cochrane, Ovid Medline, and Prospero databases between the start of the study and June 2022. The findings suggest that <em>A. muricata</em> and its constituents have anticancer effects. However, the amount and length of time used in research on animals to illustrate toxic effects might not be promptly applicable to human effects. The current review's overall conclusion suggests that <em>A. muricata</em> has a favourable anticancer profile. Future research into its use in people with a variety of cancers is required.</p>Lydia Halette L, Prabu D, Savitha S, Dinesh Dhamodhar, Sindhu R, Rajmohan M
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2024-08-022024-08-02142103131KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND PRACTICES ON ANTIBIOTICS PRESCRIBING FOR ACUTE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS AMONG CLINICIANS IN HEALTH CENTERS IN THE CITY OF KIGALI, RWANDA
http://journalofpharmaceuticalanalysis.com/index.php/jpa/article/view/20
<p><em>The WHO Global Report on Surveillance of 2014 estimated that at least 700,000 people worldwide die each year due to drug-resistant infections. This number could rise to 10 million deaths per year by 2050 if urgent action is not taken. Antibiotic consumption is recognized as a primary and unequal contributor to this resistance phenomenon. The conducted studies relating to antibiotic utilization and resistance in Rwanda have brought to light concerning patterns. Specifically, a noteworthy surge in resistance to Imipenem and Colistin has been identified among gram-negative bacteria at a tertiary healthcare facility in Kigali during the timeframe of 2009 to 2013 and a substantial proportion (2.1%) of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) strains. Furthermore, research conducted in Gisagara district health centers demonstrated that antibiotic prescription rates exceeded the WHO recommendation of 30%, with the primary indication being Acute upper respiratory tract infections. The studies revealed the necessity to understand the level of awareness and understanding that prescribers possess regarding appropriate antibiotic prescription practices, including factors influencing their decision-making processes, to address the gaps identified that may contribute to improper antibiotic use. The study's main goal was to assess the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding prescription of antibiotics for acute upper respiratory tract infections by clinicians practicing in health centers in Kigali City. The study was cross-sectional, and it utilized quantitative methods through structured questionnaires. Study questionnaires were administered to 191 clinicians. All 36 health centers in the City of Kigali were sampled, and all clinicians on duty were invited to participate until the desired number was obtained. Data collection authorization letter was sought from Mount Kenya University, confidentiality was granted to participants, and the willing participants signed the consent form before filling out the questionnaire. SPSS program version 29.0 was used to clean, manage, and analyze data. The fundamental descriptive statistics were performed to produce percentages, proportions, and frequencies. Chi-square test and regression analysis were used to examine the association between dependent and independent variables. The study revealed significant gaps in clinicians' knowledge of appropriate antibiotic use, with 61.8% showing poor knowledge, 36.6% moderate, and only 1.6% demonstrating good knowledge. 59% of clinicians incorrectly believed that incomplete antibiotic courses do not reduce effectiveness, while 52.4% of trained respondents showed better understanding. Positive attitudes were held by 70.7%, while 29.3% had negative attitudes. Practice levels were also concerning, with only 25.1% showing good practices. Knowledge and attitudes significantly influenced practice scores, with attitudes having the strongest impact (β = 0.561, p < 0.001), and knowledge also playing a notable role (β = 0.174, p = 0.005). These insights underline the need for targeted educational interventions and continuous professional development to improve antibiotic prescribing practices and mitigate the threat of antimicrobial resistance. The study findings will improve the knowledge and prescribing practices of antibiotics for acute upper respiratory tract infections among primary healthcare clinicians in Kigali city, and the information generated could be used by policymakers in developing policies and appropriate interventions to promote the rational antibiotic prescribing and halt the spread of antibiotic resistance.</em></p> Diane Munyentwali, Dr. John Nyiligira, Dr. Japheths Ogendi
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2024-11-032024-11-03142205232KNOWLEDGE OF RISK FACTORS AND WARNING SIGNS OF STROKE AMONGHYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS AGED 18 YEARS AND ABOVE OBTAINING CARE INMUHIMA HOSPITAL, RWANDA
http://journalofpharmaceuticalanalysis.com/index.php/jpa/article/view/145
<p>Background: In 2019 stroke was the 3rd leading cause of death in Rwanda and accounted for<br>5.1% of all deaths, Despite efforts by Ministry of Health to control and prevent non-communicable<br>diseases (NCDs),deaths due to stroke rose from the 7th leading cause of death in 2009 to the 3rd<br>in 2019.<br>Aim: This study aims to assess the knowledge of stroke risk factors and warning signs among<br>patients aged 18 years and above receiving hypertension care at Muhima District Hospital,<br>Rwanda.<br>Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study in which a total 247 hypertensive<br>patients aged ≥18 years who were receiving hypertension care at Muhima District Hospital,<br>Rwanda during the month of February were interviewed using self-administered questionnaires.<br>Data was analyzed using SPSS Version 22. Descriptive statistics and multivariable analysis were<br>conducted, with significance considered at P-value < 0.05.<br>Results and Discussions: A total of 247 were interviewed. The level of knowledge of stroke risk<br>factors were as follows: 32% had low knowledge; 25.9% had medium knowledge; and 42.5% had<br>high knowledge. Knowledge level for warning signs were as follows: 42.51% had low knowledge,<br>34.41% had medium knowledge , and 23.08% had high knowledge. A significant association was<br>found between having no antecedent of stroke at home and knowledge level (P = 0.006). Overall,<br>there was a low significant level of knowledge regarding stroke risk factors.<br>Conclusion: This study examined stroke risk factor and warning sign awareness among<br>hypertensive patients aged 18 and above at Muhima District Hospital's NCD clinic in Rwanda.<br>While many participants showed good knowledge of stroke risk factors, awareness of stroke<br>warning signs was notably deficient, underscoring the necessity for focused educational initiatives<br>to enhance symptom recognition in this group.</p>Kibitenga Solange , Kayihura Camille, Dr. Japheths Ogendi
Copyright (c) 2024 JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS
2024-07-262024-07-2614290102LOW BACK PAIN AMONG PATIENTS AGED ≥ 12 YEARS RECEIVING PHYSIOTHERAPY SERVICES IN A REFERRAL HOSPITAL IN RWANDA
http://journalofpharmaceuticalanalysis.com/index.php/jpa/article/view/140
<p><strong>Background:</strong> Lower back pain, or Global Burden Disease (GBD), is underestimated in treatment. Rwanda studies show its prevalence: 78% of nurses in 2010, and 45.8% in 2021. Individual traits, work conditions, and psychosocial factors contribute to its development, highlighting the multifaceted nature of this condition.</p> <p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to determine the prevalence of lower back pain and its associated factors among patients aged twelve and above receiving physiotherapy services at Kibungo Level II Teaching Hospital</p> <p><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> Quantitative methods were employed, with interviews and questionnaires conducted with eligible patients, following ethical procedures. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 22, utilizing descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multivariate logistic regression.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: The results revealed a high prevalence of lower back pain, with 73.9% of patients experiencing this condition. Significant associations were observed between lower back pain and certain factors such as age (33-54 years old), occupation as a farmer, lack of education, and diabetes.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study highlights the necessity of interventions in addressing lower back pain and its factors among physiotherapy patients. It recommends mechanized farming to prevent farmer back pain and stresses the role of policymakers and healthcare providers in mitigating this issue effectively.</p>Mukamisha Monique, Dr. Japheths Ogendi, Dr. Michael Habtu
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2024-07-222024-07-221426976CURRENT SCENARIOS AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES TO MITIGATE DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS
http://journalofpharmaceuticalanalysis.com/index.php/jpa/article/view/173
<p>Individuals with deep vein thrombosis are at a higher risk of bleeding and might pass away from pulmonary embolism, a potentially lethal condition. When taking high-dose anticoagulant medicine in clinical therapy, bleeding is always a possibility. Consequently, it becomes crucial that researchers create a specific medication administration mechanism that modulates localised thrombotic lesions while lowering the dose and undesirable adverse reactions. The third most common cause of death that can occur instead of cardiovascular disease is thrombosis in deep veins. It's a clot of blood which typically forms in the deeper leg veins, though it can also affect the cerebral, mesenteric, and arm veins. A serious medical condition that causes the majority of pulmonary emboli is deep-vein thrombosis. Reducing morbidity requires early diagnosis and treatment. The development of an innovative multifunctional drug-loading method is crucial for the proper management of DVT, as it can lengthen treatment duration and enhance therapeutic efficiency.</p>Mukesh Patil, Nanduri Sri Sesha Sai Swaroop, Ashish Jain, Sanid Hadal, Prathamesh Pawar
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2024-10-172024-10-17142162171PREVALENCE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH STIGMA AMONG PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS AGED BETWEEN 20 AND 80 YEARS AT NEUROPSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL, CARAES NDERA, RWANDA
http://journalofpharmaceuticalanalysis.com/index.php/jpa/article/view/136
<p><strong><em>Background:</em></strong><em> Public stigma related to mental health illnesses (PSRMHIs) remain a major public health threat globally including in Rwanda where about 20% of its population has at least one mental health issue and at risk of PSRMHIs.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Aim:</em></strong><em> This research aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with mental health stigma among psychiatric patients.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Setting:</em></strong><em> Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Caraes Ndera, Rwanda</em></p> <p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong><em> This study was a quantitative cross-sectional study.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Results:</em></strong><em> Of the 419 psychiatric patients aged between 20 to 8 years with mean age 32, 71.8 % experienced PSRMHIs. Factors associated with stigma, increase in socio-cultural norms, number of government policies, loss of schooling, and loss of spouse or relative, and poverty there is significant positive predictive increase of the log odds 4.549 at p-value of significance level of 0.001 there is a predictive likelihood of strengthening stigma with significant positive predictive causal relationship. This study found non-significant causal relationship between socio-demographic factors and stigma, suggesting that for every one unity increase in those factors, there is a decreased probability of experiencing higher level of stigma, with log odds of -0.011 at p-value of 0.976. </em></p> <p><strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong><em> This study shows that PSRMHIs remain high among psychiatric patients, and it increases by lack of life opportunities and due to lack of community awareness on anti-discriminatory behaviors.</em></p> <p><strong><em>Contribution:</em></strong><em> The significance is to inform the government and mental health partners on the burden of stigma to revise and develop new mental health promotion programs. </em></p>Emile Hatangimana, Dr. Rosemary Okova
Copyright (c) 2024 JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS
2024-07-202024-07-201423648ANALYZING THE EFFECTS OF SUB-LETHAL DOSES OF CHLORPYRIFOS AND FOSETYL-ALUMINUM ON HEMATOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN JAPANESE QUAIL (COTURNIX JAPONICA)
http://journalofpharmaceuticalanalysis.com/index.php/jpa/article/view/156
<p>Chlorpyrifos and Fosetyl-Aluminum are widely used pesticides in agriculture for controlling insects and fungi, respectively. Hematological and biochemical parameters serve as optimal biomarkers to determine physiological and chemical alterations. To analyze the possible toxicological effects on the hematology and biochemistry of Japanese Quail (<em>Coturnix japonica</em>), Chlorpyrifos and Fosetyl Aluminum were used to understand the potential risks posed by these chemicals to avian species. Adult male birds (n=30), 4-6 weeks old, weighing between 90-100g were randomly divided into 5 groups; (G1) Control (Untreated), treatment groups (G2, G3) were given (0.01 mg/day) as low dose while (G4, G5) were given (0.02 mg/day) as high dose of chlorpyrifos and fosetyl aluminum. On the 10<sup>th</sup>, 15<sup>th,</sup> and 20<sup>th</sup> day of the experiment, quails were slaughtered for blood collection. After 10 days of exposure to chlorpyrifos, notable dose-dependent changes were observed in urea, creatinine, bilirubin, ALT, ALP, WBC, MCV, and granulocyte percentages. By 15 days, additional significant increases were noted in MCH and lymphocyte percentages, while parameters such as RBC count, HCT, MCHC, and platelet count remained unaffected. After 20 days, these trends continued with significant elevations in urea, creatinine, bilirubin, ALT, ALP, WBC, MCV, MCHC, lymphocyte, and granulocyte percentages particularly at higher doses. Similarly, after 10 days of Fosetyl-Aluminum exposure, there were significant increases in urea, creatinine, ALT, ALP, WBC, MCHC, granulocyte percentage, and platelet count, with no significant differences in bilirubin, RBC count, HCT, MCV, MCH, and lymphocyte percentage. By 15 days, additional significant increases were observed in bilirubin, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and lymphocyte percentage, while RBC count, HCT, and platelet count remained unaffected. After 20 days, these trends continued with significant elevations in urea, creatinine, bilirubin, ALT, ALP, WBC, MCV, MCHC, lymphocyte, and granulocyte percentages, with no significant changes in RBC count, hematocrit, and platelet count. These findings provide understanding of the multifaceted effects of treatment and time on liver, kidney, immune, and hematological functions. Further research is required to understand the mechanisms and clinical significance of these impacts on health of Japanese Quail.</p>Mudassar Maqbool, Ahmad Ali, Zian Ul Abideen, Tahira Ruby, Tayyaba Khan, Wajeeha Afzal, Sidra Bashir, Sobia Malik, Sheikh Muhammad Azam, Mehroz AliTehseen Abbas, Aziz Ullah, Faiza Waheed, Hafiz Muhammad Sajawal, Hira Gill, Muhammad Zeshan Haider, Sobia Abid
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2024-08-312024-08-31142132146SHORT-COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR TREATMENT: A PREVENTIVE MEASURE FOR ADOLESCENTS’ EMOTIONAL DISTRESS
http://journalofpharmaceuticalanalysis.com/index.php/jpa/article/view/133
<p>Over the last two decades, there has been a significant increase in the number of adolescents suffering from mental health conditions, predominantly depression, anxiety, and stress, in low-income rural communities. These communities face challenges such as a lack of mental health professionals, low treatment rates, and a paucity of studies on therapeutic interventions. This study investigated the efficacy of short-cognitive behaviour treatment (S-CBT) aimed at reducing emotional distress symptoms using a pre-test, post-test control group experimental design. Forty-eight participants with a mean age of 13.38 years (SD =1.8) were randomly selected from four mixed high schools in Oyo town and assigned into two equal groups of 24 treatment and no-treatment participants by ballot. Emotional distress symptoms were measured at pre-test, post-test, and post-intervention using the 21-item version of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS21). Data were analysed using a paired sample t-test. Results showed that a 50-minute session per week for six sessions, exposing treatment group participants to S-CBT with psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, breathing relaxation, and affirmation of self-positive skills as components, was significantly effective at reducing elevated emotional distress symptoms (t (20) =6.93, p < 0.001). The mean difference showed that the treatment effect remained after four weeks (M =30.35) when compared to pre-test (M =56.85) and post-test (M = 26.24) scores of participants in the treatment group (t (13) =6.90, p < 0.01). Additionally, there was no significant difference in elevated symptoms at pre-test (M = 49.30) and post-test (M =48.35) measures of emotional distress among control group participants (t (19) =0.14, p > 0.05). The results indicated that administering S-CBT sessions in schools can ameliorate the incidence of emotional distress and associated negative mental health consequences. Further studies are encouraged to explore the viability of S-CBT considering the highlighted treatment components.</p>Sylvester Ezechinyere Eze, Sussan Olufunmilola Adeusi, Gboyega Emmanuel Abikoye
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2024-07-172024-07-17142121